Ho Chi Minh
Episode 1: Truman Sides With France
Truman aids France in its war to recolonize Vietnam—the beginning of a 25-year involvement
We must sacrifice to our last drop of blood to save our country.Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1946
At the end of World War II, Ho Chi Minh—the Vietnamese Communist leader—seized an opportunity to escape decades of French rule. Japanese troops had taken control of Vietnam in 1945. The day Japan surrendered to the Allies, Ho Chi Minh declared independence in front of a crowd of exhilarated Vietnamese. In a deliberate appeal for American support, he opened his speech with the words: “All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among them are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”
But when France went to war to recolonize Vietnam in 1945, the U.S. government needed its ally’s cooperation to contain the spread of communism in Europe. From 1946 to 1950, it adopted a neutral policy toward the conflict. In 1950 President Harry S. Truman authorized direct financial and military assistance to the French.
Looking Back
Ho Chi Minh’s long quest for American support
President Truman was not the first American official Ho Chi Minh attempted to befriend, nor was the United States the first nation he approached. He first tried to enlist U.S. support in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference. He sent an appeal to Soviet Premier Josef Stalin in 1945-46 very similar to the one he sent to Truman. He had long known his small country would need allies to win independence from the French.
Ho Chi Minh made his only successful connection with American officials after he helped a downed U.S. pilot reach safety during World War II. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) enlisted “Old Man Ho” to broadcast radio reports on weather and Japanese troop movements to U.S. intelligence operatives stationed in China. Later, his Viet Minh guerrillas joined forces with an OSS team. Ho’s bright eyes and calm geniality made a powerful impression on the officers. But in the years to come, many Americans would associate his wispy beard and peasant attire with something sinister.
Watch the Interviews from Episode 1
Key Dates
April 12, 1945: President Roosevelt dies
September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders and Ho Chi Minh proclaims independence and the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
December 19, 1946: Start of First Indochina War in North Vietnam
July 2, 1949: Creation of the Associated State of Vietnam (future Republic of Vietnam) led by former emperor Bao Dai
January, 1950: Communist China and the Soviet Union recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
February 7, 1950: United States recognizes the Associated State of Vietnam
June 25, 1950: Korean War begins
July 26, 1950: Truman authorizes $15 million in military aid to France
Episode 2: Eisenhower Backs Diem
Eisenhower commits U.S. support for the new anti-Communist South Vietnamese government
The possible consequences of the loss [of Vietnam] are just incalculable to the free world.President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1954
After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the 1954 Geneva Accords called for a temporary partition of Vietnam at the 17th Parallel—creating a Communist state in the North and a French-backed non-Communist state in the South. The agreement called for an election to reunify the two zones in 1956. Eisenhower believed “losing” South Vietnam to communism would be a strategic, economic, and humanitarian disaster. So he pledged support to an emerging leader—Ngo Dinh Diem—a devout Catholic and fervent anti-French, anti-Communist nationalist. Diem faced multiple threats: some members of his inherited government and military were associated with the hated French; mobsters controlled much of Saigon; and French-supported armed religious sects and military officers challenged his leadership.
Against all odds, Diem consolidated power. The “Diem Miracle” would prove to be short-lived, but Eisenhower’s decision to support him set the United States on a course that continued for another 20 years.
See Documents and Photos from Episode 2Remembering Vietnam Episode 2 Gallery
Watch the Interviews from Episode 2
Key Dates
July 27, 1953: Korean War ends
March 13–May 7, 1954: Viet Minh defeat the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu
August 1, 1954: End of First Indochina War (the Anti-French Resistance War)
April 28, 1955: Beginning of Battle of Saigon against Binh Xuyen gangsters
November 11, 1955: Military Assistance Advisory Group Vietnam is established (U.S. Government official start date of the Vietnam War)
May 1959: Construction of the Ho Chi Minh Trail begins on territory the North Vietnamese seized in Laos
January 1959: North Vietnam authorizes Southern communist cadres (“Viet Cong”) to engage in low-level insurgency
1960: Sino-Soviet Split: Break of relations between People’s Republic of China and Soviet Union
Episode 3: Kennedy Doubles Down
Kennedy invests in a military solution to a political question: What type of government will rule a united Vietnam?
Now we have a problem in making our power credible and Vietnam is the place.President John F. Kennedy, 1961
After the Bay of Pigs defeat in Cuba and the erection of the Berlin Wall, President Kennedy needed a win. “Vietnam is the place,” he told a reporter, convinced the U.S. could restore its Cold War credibility by saving the remote Southeast Asia country from communism.
Kennedy supplied thousands of additional military advisers and equipment to South Vietnam to fight the Communist insurgency. He resisted sending ground troops, against his advisers’ persistent urging.
For a time, American assistance appeared to help stabilize South Vietnam—but in 1963 tensions between the Diem regime and its U.S. ally and resistance from the population escalated to a tragic and bloody climax.
Diem’s downfall
The South Vietnamese President’s increasingly authoritarian regime ends in a violent coup
The flood of American resources appeared to buoy South Vietnam. But in January 1963 a few hundred “Viet Cong” guerrillas repelled the assault of 2,500 American-equipped South Vietnamese infantrymen in the Battle of Ap Bac. The American press portrayed it as evidence that the South Vietnamese military was incompetent and that President Diem was to blame.
That spring, newspaper images of monks burning themselves in protest against the Diem regime stunned observers around the world. The violence and unrest in Saigon raised blood pressures in Washington. Meanwhile, Diem ignored the Kennedy administration’s increasingly adamant calls for reform.
The Diem experiment came to a bloody end when he and his brother were assassinated on November 23 in the back of an armored personnel carrier.