Polytheistic religions are mainly focused on the many activities of the various Gods which are either timeless as in ancient Egypt, or are measured in vast numbers of years as in ancient India. The monotheistic Hebrew Bible measures time in human generations because human activities are the Hebrew Bible's main focus.
The Islamic total lunar calendar is the newest of the worldwide religious calendars and the easiest to use since Islam has no agricultural holidays. The ancient Egyptian totally solar calendar is the most accurate of ancient non-religious calendars; 12 months of 30 days plus a 5 day period to fill up the year.
The Jewish lunar calendar is the oldest of religious calendars still in use, but for 32 centuries it has been adjusted to make it fit the solar calendar seasons so that the harvest holy week always falls in the autumn.
Why have all epoch calendars been religious? There have been many calendars that were established to mark a new dynastic (political) era, but they all disappeared after a few centuries when the governing dynasty died out.
Religious calendars are different because major religions last much longer than political governments, and so their (spiritual) turning points are much more important.
Christians know their calendar starts from the birth of Jesus. Muslims know the Muslim calendar begins with the flight of Muhammad from Makkah to Medina. Buddhists know that their calendar starts with the enlightenment of Siddhartha under a Bodhi tree.
But most Jewswould be hard pressedto explain what happened 5,785 years ago to start the Jewish Biblical calendar.
By analogy to the Christian, Muslim, or Buddhist calendars one might expect that the Jewish calendar starts with the birth of Abraham or Sarah (the first Jewish couple), or from the Exodus from Egypt (the trans-formative experience of the Jewish people), or from the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai (the enlightenment of the Jewish people).
But the second century Rabbis who made up the calendar Jews currently use, chose to begin with Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden i.e. the beginning of human civilization.
The word Adam in Hebrew means mankind/Homo Sapiens-- the species. The exit of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden symbolizes the transition of humanity from a nomadic stone age society of hunter-gatherers, to a more advanced metalworking, copper age, society of farmers and village dwellers.
By starting the Jewish calendar with a historical transition that would eventually have a universal impact on all of human society, the second century rabbis followed the lead of the Torah which also begins not with Judaism, but with the rise of the world's earliest urban civilizations; and the beginning of written history.
All historical dates will fit into the Jewish calendar. In 3,700 B.C.E. the first century of the Jewish calendar, researchers concluded (Science News 9/21/13) Egypt started to evolve from a migrating population of cattle owners to a farming community of villages and a centralized state.
The earliest writing comes from the Mesopotamian city of Uruk (Genesis 10:10) and dates to about 5,400-5,300 years ago i.e. the 3rdor 4thcentury of the Jewish calendar. The oldest known deity in written human history is Anu, a Sumerian god worshiped in ancient Mesopotamia.
Anu was called the father of the gods and was responsible for the creation of the whole universe. Anu was worshiped as early as the 3rd millennium BCE.
Over time, Anu's significance diminished as the Babylonians adopted and transformed the pantheon of Mesopotamian gods. No one has worshiped Anu for the last 3,000 years.
The development of writing in Egypt around 3,200 B.C.E. was in the 5thcentury of Jewish calendar.
The first dynasty in Egypt arose in the 7thcentury of the Jewish calendar; and the first stone pyramid was built in the 10thcentury. The famous king Sargon of Akkad (2371-2316 B.C.E.) lived in the 14thcentury of the Jewish calendar.
Abraham was not born till the 21thcentury of the Jewish calendar. It is only in the generations after Abraham that Biblical history begins to focus on the religious development of one specific people.The Jewish calendar is not only the oldest of the world's calendars, it is the only one that begins with the beginning of recorded human history. Everything prior to the Jewish calendar is oral prehistory.
