ANKARA — Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Syrian President Bashar Assad have recently signaled that they are interested in restoring diplomatic ties that have been ruptured for more than a decade.
Erdogan has said that he hopes to arrange a meeting with Assad soon for the first time since the countries broke off relations in 2011 as mass anti-government protests and a brutal crackdown by security forces in Syria spiraled into a still-ongoing civil war.
Speaking at a NATO summit in Washington on Thursday, Erdogan said he had called on Assad two weeks ago to either come to Turkey for the meeting or to hold it in a third country, and that he had assigned Turkey's foreign minister to follow up.
Turkey backed Syrian insurgent groups seeking to overthrow Assad and still maintains forces in the opposition-held northwest, a sore point for Damascus.
This is not the first time that there have been attempts to normalize relations between the two countries, but previous attempts failed to gain traction.
Here's a look at what might happen this time around:
What happened at their last talks
Russia, which is one of the strongest backers of Assad's government but also has close ties with Turkey, has been pushing for a return to diplomatic relations.
In December 2022, the Turkish, Syrian and Russian defense ministers held talks in Moscow, the first ministerial level meeting between rivals Turkey and Syria since 2011. Russia also brokered meetings between Syrian and Turkish officials last year.
However, the talks fizzled, and Syrian officials publicly continued to blast Turkey's presence in northwest Syria. Assad said in an interview with Sky News Arabia last August that the objective of Erdogan's overtures was "to legitimize the Turkish occupation in Syria."
What's different now
Russia appears to once again be promoting the talks, but this time around, Iraq — which shares a border with both Turkey and Syria — has also offered to mediate, as it previously did between regional arch-rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Aron Lund, a fellow with the Century International think tank, said Iraq may have taken the initiative as a way to deflect pressure from Turkey to crack down on the Kurdistan Workers' Party, or PKK, a Kurdish separatist group that has waged an insurgency against Turkey since the 1980s and has bases in northern Iraq.
By pushing rapprochement with Syria, Baghdad may be trying to "create some form of positive engagement with the Turks, kick the can down the road, and deflect the threat of an intervention," Lund said.
The geopolitical situation in the region has also changed with the war in Gaza and fears of a wider regional conflict. Ozgur Unluhisarcikli, an analyst on Turkey and director of the German Marshall Fund in Ankara, said that both countries may be feeling insecure and seeking new alliances in the face of the war's potential regional ripple effects.
What Turkey and Syria want
From Erdogan's side, Unluhisarcikli said, the attempt to engage is likely driven in part by the increasing anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkey. Erdogan is likely hoping for a deal that could pave the way for the return of many of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees living in his country.
From the Syrian side, a return to relations with Turkey would be another step toward ending Assad's political isolation in the region after more than a decade as a pariah due to his government's brutal crackdown on protesters in 2011 and alleged war crimes afterward.
And despite their differences over Turkey's presence in northwest Syria, Damascus and Ankara both have an interest in curtailing the autonomy of Kurdish groups in northeast Syria.
Turkey may be concerned that the security situation in northeast Syria could deteriorate in the event that the U.S. withdraws troops it currently has stationed there as part of a coalition against the Islamic State militant group, Unluhisarcikli said. That could require Turkey to "cooperate or at least coordinate with Syria, to manage the aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal," he said.
Joseph Daher, a Swiss-Syrian researcher and visiting professor at the European University Institute in Florence, said the two governments likely hope for modest "economic gains" in a rapprochement. While trade never completely stopped, it currently goes through intermediaries, he said, while restoring diplomatic relations would allow official commerce to resume and make trade more fluid.
The prospects for an agreement
Analysts agreed that the talks are unlikely to bring about the full Turkish withdrawal from northwest Syria that Damascus has called for or any other major shift in conditions on the ground in the near term.
Although the two countries' interests "actually overlap to a large degree," Lund said, "there are also major disagreements" and "a lot of bad blood and bitterness" that could impede even "lower-level dealmaking." Both Erdogan and Assad may also want to wait for the outcome of U.S. elections, which could determine the future American footprint in the region, before making a major deal, he said.
In the long run, Lund said, "The logic of the situation dictates Turkish-Syrian collaboration in some form. ... They're neighbors. They're stuck with each other and the current stalemate does them no good."
Unluhisarcikli agreed that a "grand bargain" is unlikely to come out of the present talks, but the increased dialogue could lead to "some confidence building measures," he said.
Daher said the most probable outcome of the talks is some "security agreements" between the two sides, but not a full Turkish withdrawal from Syria in the short term, particularly since the Syrian government army is too weak to control northwest Syria by itself.
"On its own, it's not able to take back the whole of the northwest — it needs to deal with Turkey," he said.
How people in Turkey and Syria view a potential agreement
In Turkey and in government-controlled Syria, many view the prospects of a rapprochement positively. In northwest Syria, on the other hand, protests have broken out against the prospect of a normalization of relations between Ankara — which had previously positioned itself as a protector of the Syrian opposition — and Damascus.
Kurds in Syria have also viewed the potential rapprochement with apprehension. The Kurdish-led authority in northeast Syria said in a statement that the prospective reconciliation would be a "conspiracy against the Syrian people" and a "clear legitimization of the Turkish occupation" of previously Kurdish-majority areas that were seized by Turkish-backed forces.
