Summary and What You Need to Know: Delta Force, officially known as the U.S. Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D), is a Tier One special operations unit within the U.S. military.
-Often referred to by various names, including Combat Applications Group (CAG) and "The Unit," Delta Force specializes in counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action raids, and intelligence gathering.
-Formed in the late 1970s under the leadership of Colonel Charlie Beckwith, Delta Force is highly secretive, with its selection process, training, and operational details largely classified.
-Despite early challenges, such as the failed Operation Eagle Claw in 1980, Delta Force has since become one of the most elite and effective special operations units in the world.
You know it as Delta Force, but the operators call themselves the Combat Applications Group, CAG, D-Boys, the Dark Side, the Other Side of the Fence, Task Force Green, or simply the Unit.
Officially, it’s the U.S. Army’s First Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D).
This is a Tier One special operations group. To maintain secrecy on army budget documents, the line item is often referred to as Army Compartmented Elements (ACE).
Delta Force excels at hostage rescue, targeted elimination or apprehension of terrorists, close-quarter combat, direct action raids, intelligence collection, irregular warfare, and VIP guarding.
Elements of Delta Force are continuously on standby for orders from their umbrella command – the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). JSOC can deploy Delta anywhere in the world.
While it is impossible to know the types of missions Delta Force has conducted over the years, they are believed to have been the main element in the raid on Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIS.
In October 2019, Delta conducted Operation Kayla Mueller, to remove al-Baghdadi from the battlefield. Al-Baghdadi later detonated an explosive vest and killed himself during the raid.
Never shy of a gunfight, Delta pulled numerous operations in Iraq and Afghanistan as you would expect. One noteworthy statistic was that by 2009, “the casualty rate for the Delta command was 20 percent and 50 percent of the operators that went to Iraq received a Purple Heart,” according to SOFREP.com. Delta also participated in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, which went on to be portrayed in the book and movie Black Hawk Down.
In my opinion, SOFREP.com has the best profile of Delta Force, so I will depend on this source in the following passages.
In the late 1970s, the army was interested in creating its own special operations group that would carry out more direct action raids against the enemy – something that U.S. Army Special Forces did not always conduct, as the Green Berets were set up for training and fighting beside indigenous units during the Vietnam War.
In 1977, the Pentagon tasked Colonel Charlie Beckwith, who had been in Special Forces and had spent time with the British Special Air Service, to stand up a new, more focused unit.
Beckwith spent the next two years setting up Delta Force, which would be focused on counter-terrorism and missions the rest of the special operations units could not accomplish easily. Beckwith and his subordinates created a six-month selection program for volunteers. Training and tests put volunteers through difficult, long-range land navigation exercises and other tasks that would prepare them physically and mentally.
In 1980, Delta was given a difficult mission – rescue 53-American hostages held in Tehran. This was known as Operation Eagle Claw, and it was unsuccessful for several reasons. The main element of Delta operators did not reach the building holding the hostages. But Delta used lessons learned from Eagle Claw to improve and adapt.
Delta Force is believed to be task-organized into several squadrons split down into “troops.” Each squadron has three troops for assault purposes. There is a clandestine intelligence and reconnaissance squadron, and an aviation squadron, plus combat support units such as signals, medical, and intelligence analysis.
As you could imagine, becoming a Delta operator is a long, difficult process. Selection is open to anyone with a rank of Specialist (E-4) and Captain (E-3). Trainees must be 21-years-old or older. Most people who go to selection are either in the Ranger Regiment or Ranger-Qualified or in Army Special Forces. Many of these operators have numerous back-to-back deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.
The selection process is classified and changes as combat needs evolve. One book – Inside Delta Force – describes intense, long-range land navigation courses to evaluate physical attributes. Then the trainee must pass a complicated mental evaluation period that includes psychological interviews and oral performances in front of boards. Roughly 10-percent of each class is selected.
If selected, the trainee goes on to a six-month Operator Training Course. This is comprised of several units of skills development from clearing rooms and close-quarter combat to picking locks and improvising explosives. The counter-terrorism missions and hostage rescue operations are rehearsed. There is even a block of instruction on espionage tradecraft that is likely similar to CIA clandestine officer training.
Remember, selection and training are classified and constantly changing and evolving depending on the needs of Delta and JSOC.
My experience with Delta Force is limited of course. I was not a member of special operations forces during my service in the army, although I was once attached to a Special Forces battalion as a public affairs specialist. I have seen Delta operators train using All-Terrain Vehicles at Camp Dawson, West Virginia.
A mountainous land navigation course I completed, also at Camp Dawson, was said to take place on a Delta Force training ground. I had a friend who was selected and assigned to a Delta squadron who abruptly told one of my special ops buddies, “I can never talk to you anymore.” I never heard from or saw this Delta operator again. I hope he is still alive. That’s the level of secrecy that Delta develops in its operators.
By all accounts, Delta Force is a tight community – a brotherhood whose members always run toward the gunfire and are in Delta to be deployed for as many missions as possible. They believe that the more gunfights they engage in, the better. We should feel fortunate they are willing to be the tip of the spear and fight the battles no one else can.
Brent M. Eastwood, PhD, is the author of Humans, Machines, and Data: Future Trends in Warfare. He is an Emerging Threats expert and former U.S. Army Infantry officer. You can follow him on Twitter @BMEastwood.
All images are Creative Commons.
