In a recent paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a multidisciplinary team from the University of Southampton, along with researchers from the US and Spain, highlights the unique ethical challenges posed by this technology and the need for comprehensive governance.
Bio-hybrid robots, which merge living materials and organisms with synthetic components, are progressing rapidly. These robots, utilizing living muscles, can perform various functions such as crawling, swimming, gripping, and sensing their surroundings. Advances include sensors made from sensory cells or insect antennae for improved chemical detection, and living neurons used to control mobile robots.
Dr. Rafael Mestre from the University of Southampton, co-lead author of the paper and specialist in emergent technologies, explained: "The challenges in overseeing bio-hybrid robotics are not dissimilar to those encountered in the regulation of biomedical devices, stem cells and other disruptive technologies. But unlike purely mechanical or digital technologies, bio-hybrid robots blend biological and synthetic components in unprecedented ways. This presents unique possible benefits but also potential dangers."
The paper notes a continuous increase in publications on bio-hybrid robotics over the past decade, but only a few have deeply considered the ethical implications. The authors identified three key ethical issues: Interactivity (how bio-robots interact with humans and the environment), Integrability (how humans might assimilate bio-robots, such as bio-robotic organs or limbs), and Moral status.
Using thought experiments, the paper discusses scenarios such as a bio-robot designed to clean oceans disrupting the food chain, a bio-hybrid robotic arm potentially exacerbating inequalities, and sophisticated bio-hybrid assistants raising questions about sentience and moral value.
"Bio-hybrid robots create unique ethical dilemmas," stated Anibal M. Astobiza, an ethicist from the University of the Basque Country in Spain and co-lead author of the paper. "The living tissue used in their fabrication, potential for sentience, distinct environmental impact, unusual moral status, and capacity for biological evolution or adaptation create unique ethical dilemmas that extend beyond those of wholly artificial or biological technologies."
This publication is the first from the Biohybrid Futures project, led by Dr. Rafael Mestre in collaboration with the Rebooting Democracy project. The initiative aims to develop a framework for responsible research, application, and governance of bio-hybrid robotics.
The paper proposes several requirements for such a framework, including risk assessments, consideration of social implications, and increased public awareness and understanding.
Dr. Matt Ryan, a political scientist from the University of Southampton and co-author of the paper, emphasized: "If debates around embryonic stem cells, human cloning or artificial intelligence have taught us something, it is that humans rarely agree on the correct resolution of the moral dilemmas of emergent technologies. Compared to related technologies such as embryonic stem cells or artificial intelligence, bio-hybrid robotics has developed relatively unattended by the media, the public and policymakers, but it is no less significant. We want the public to be included in this conversation to ensure a democratic approach to the development and ethical evaluation of this technology."
The authors also recommend actions the research community can take now to guide their work. Dr. Victoria Webster-Wood, a biomechanical engineer from Carnegie Mellon University in the US and co-author of the paper, remarked: "Taking these steps should not be seen as prescriptive in any way, but as an opportunity to share responsibility, taking a heavy weight away from the researcher's shoulders. Research in bio-hybrid robotics has evolved in various directions. We need to align our efforts to fully unlock its potential."
Research Report:Ethics and responsibility in biohybrid robotics research
