Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the staple that feeds over half of the globe, has undergone significant transformation and regeneration advancements over the last two decades. Although agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been successful in several rice cultivars, it has encountered efficiency obstacles, particularly in newly developed indica cultivars from South China. The absence of a consistent 'gold standard' protocol for transformation, particularly in indica varieties, highlights the need for more in-depth exploration and understanding.
