Supporting data for "Chromosome-level genome and recombination map of the male buffalo"

The swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) is an economically important livestock supplying milk, meat, leather and draft power. Several female buffalo genomes have been available, but the lack of high-quality male genomes hinders studies on chromosome evolution, especially Y, as well as meiotic recombination.
Here, a chromosome-level genome with a contig N50 of 72.2Mb, and a fine-scale recombination map of male buffalo were reported. We found that transposable elements (TEs) and structure variants (SVs) may contribute to buffalo evolution by influencing adjacent gene expressions. We further found that the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the Y chromosome is subject to stronger purification selection. The meiotic recombination map showed that there were two obvious recombination hotspots on chromosome 8, and the genes around them were mainly related to tooth development, which helped to enhance the adaption of buffalo to inferior feed. Among several genomic features, TE has the strongest correlation with recombination rates. Moreover, the TE subfamily, SINE/tRNA, is likely to play a role in driving recombination into SVs.
The male genome and sperm sequencing will facilitate the understanding of the buffalo genomic evolution and functional research.