HIV infection and cardiovascular disease have both shared and distinct monocyte gene expression features: Women’s Interagency HIV study

by Juan Lin, Erik Ehinger, David B. Hanna, Qibin Qi, Tao Wang, Yanal Ghosheh, Karin Mueller, Kathryn Anastos, Jason M. Lazar, Wendy J. Mack, Phyllis C. Tien, Joan W. Berman, Mardge H. Cohen, Igho Ofotokun, Stephen Gange, Chenglong Liu, Sonya L. Heath, Russell P. Tracy, Howard N. Hodis, Alan L. Landay, Klaus Ley, Robert C. Kaplan

Persistent inflammation contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as an HIV-associated comorbidity. Innate immune cells such as monocytes are major drivers of inflammation in men and women with HIV. The study objectives are to examine the contribution of circulating non-classical monocytes (NCM, CD14^dimCD16⁺) and intermediate monocytes (IM, CD14⁺CD16⁺) to the host response to long-term HIV infection and HIV-associated CVD. Women with and without chronic HIV infection (H) were studied. Subclinical CVD (C) was detected as plaques imaged by B-mode carotid artery ultrasound. The study included H-C-, H+C-, H-C+, and H+C+ participants (23 of each, matched on race/ethnicity, age and smoking status), selected from among enrollees in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. We assessed transcriptomic features associated with HIV or CVD alone or comorbid HIV/CVD comparing to healthy (H-C-) participants in IM and NCM isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IM gene expression was little affected by HIV alone or CVD alone. In IM, coexisting HIV and CVD produced a measurable gene transcription signature, which was abolished by lipid-lowering treatment. In NCM, versus non-HIV controls, women with HIV had altered gene expression, irrespective of whether or not they had comorbid CVD. The largest set of differentially expressed genes was found in NCM among women with both HIV and CVD. Genes upregulated in association with HIV included several potential targets of drug therapies, including LAG3 (CD223). In conclusion, circulating monocytes from patients with well controlled HIV infection demonstrate an extensive gene expression signature which may be consistent with the ability of these cells to serve as potential viral reservoirs. Gene transcriptional changes in HIV patients were further magnified in the presence of subclinical CVD.