"There are places where it makes sense to plant trees, and there are places where it makes sense to naturally regenerate forests," Jacob Bukoski, one of the authors of the study told AFP.
"If you want to sequester carbon at the lowest cost, some combination of natural regeneration and plantations makes a lot of sense," said the researcher at Oregon State University in the United States.
Restoring forests has massive potential to help limit rising global temperatures because trees absorb heat-trapping carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere.
The study, which spanned 138 countries and was published in the journal Nature Climate Change, compared the cost and climate benefits of planting one tree species in an area or allowing natural forest regrowth -- two common reforestation approaches --- over a 30-year period.
It found that in 46 percent of the studied areas, letting forests grow back naturally was the more cost-effective option. The rest of the time, plantations were found to be cheaper.
'Missed opportunities'
"It suggests that the current heavier emphasis on plantations within national reforestation programmes could be leading to missed opportunities for cost-effective climate mitigation," the study said.
Previous research has shown that as much as two-thirds of reforestation commitments in the tropics are plantations, said Bukoski.
In recent years there has been "a proliferation of single species plantations to try to meet climate goals," he added.
Fast-growing single species plantations -- also called monoculture -- are more costly to implement but provide revenue from the production and sale of wood products.
When the wood is harvested, a portion of the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere -- but the rest is trapped in the timber.
Naturally regenerated forests grow more slowly but are more biodiverse and store a greater amount of carbon over a longer time period.
The researchers said their mapping could help guide international initiatives and countries' plans to cut emissions by presenting a more nuanced approach to reforestation.
They found that natural regeneration was especially cost-effective in much of western Mexico, the Andean region, the Southern Cone of South America, west and central Africa, India, southern China, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Conversely, plantations proved the better option in large parts of the Caribbean, Central America, Brazil, north, east and southern Africa, northern China, mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines.
The study used machine learning to analyse costs and carbon sequestration data from observations from thousands of sites suitable for reforestation.
Mixed species plantations and agroforestry, which integrate trees in agricultural landscapes, were left out because of a lack of good data.
The researchers added that factors such as demand for timber, the creation of economic opportunities and biodiversity restoration also needed to be taken into account when deciding on a reforestation method.
